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Active Voice and Passive Voice In English grammar, verbs have five properties: voice, mood, tense, person, and number; here, we are concerned with voice. The two grammatical voices are active and passive.
Dr. T. Ramesh Babu. Assistant Professor ( A), Department of H&SS, JNTUA College of Engineering (Autonomous)Pulivendula.
In English grammar, verbs have five properties: voice, mood, tense, person, and number; here, we are concerned with voice. The two grammatical voices are active and passive.
Voice is form of a verb which shows whether the subject of the verb acts or is acted upon. There are two kind of voices in English: i) Active Voice ii) Passive Voice. Active Voice: The active voice is that in which an act is done by the subject . The subject is an agent or the real doer of an act.
The Passive Voice is that in which an act is done in respect of an object. In this voice , the subject who is the agent, becomes unimportant. It is the object which becomes the subject, but which in fact is not the agent. Note: The active voice is mostly used in writing because it gives a direct and more concise meaning. Passive voice is used sometimes due to the following : When we don’t know the agent who did an action. Eg. The bank was robbed yesterday night.
Sometimes intentionally to hide the subject of the sentence. Eg. The question paper was leaked. When passive voice explains better thought of the sentence. Eg. Morals and values are taught. When passive voice emphasizes the main thought of the sentence in a better way. Eg. The culprits will be arrested by the police.
There are certain rules for expressing a thought in passive voice or for changing a sentence from active to passive voice. Rule for changing from Active voice to Passive voice: 1. From the given sentence the object becomes the subject of the passive voice and the subject of the active voice becomes the object of the passive voice. Eg. Ravi writes a latter. A.V. Sub. + Verb + Obj.
A letter is written by Ravi. P.V. Sub. + be+ V3 + by + Obj. 2.Sometimes passive voice is used with out subject. Subject of sentence can be omitted in passive voice, Without subject also it can give enough meaning in passive voice. Eg. Mangoes are sold in markets. P.V.
3. While changing the sentence from A.V. To P.V. The auxiliary verbs are used in passive voice as per tense of the given sentence. Be + P.P.( Past Participle or V3) should be used according to the tense mood and ‘by’ preposition should be added before the object. Eg. She sang songs. A.V. Sub. + Verb + Obj. Songs were sung by her. Sub. + Be+ P.P.(v3) + by+ Obj.
4. The word or preposition ‘by’ is not always mandatory to be used before object in passive voice. In some cases words like ‘with’, ‘to’ etc., may also be used before the object and without by also be used in passive voice. Like know(to), surprise (at), annoy (with), Contain (in), vex( with), please ( with), displease (at), alarm (at) etc. Eg. She knew me. A.V. I was known to her. P.V.
The water filled the bathtub. The bathtub was filled with water. The following tenses can be changed from A.V to P.V. Simple Present Tense. Simple Past Tense. Simple Future Tense. Present Perfect Tense. Past Perfect Tense. Future Perfect Tense. Present Continuous Tense. Past Continuous Tense.
Note: There are 12 tenses, out of 8 tenses can be changed from Active voice to Passive voice . The remaining 4 tenses can not be changed because in one sentence two be forms can not be used. As: Future Continuous Tense and } be + being in. Present Perfect Continuous Tense. Past Perfect Continuous Tense } been + being. Future Perfect Continuous Tense.
Changing the form of the verb. Simple Tenses. Active Voice. Passive Voice. Simple Present Tense. Sub+ V1+ Obj. He eats a mango. Sub+ is/am/are+ V3+ by + obj. A mango is eaten by him. Simple Past Tense. Sub+ V2+ Obj. He ate a mango. Sub+ was/were+ V3+ by + obj. A mango was eaten by him. Simple Future Tense. Sub+ will/shall + V0+ Obj. He will eat a mango. Sub+ be+ V3+ by + obj. A mango will be eaten by him.
Changing the form of the verb. Perfect Tenses. Active Voice. Passive Voice. Present Perfect Tense. Sub+ have / has +V3+ Obj. He has eaten a mango. Sub+ have/has +been+ V3+ by + obj. A mango has been eaten by him. Past Perfect Tense. Sub+ had +V3+ Obj. He had eaten a mango. Sub+ had +been+ V3+ by + obj. A mango had been eaten by him. Future Perfect Tense. Sub +will/shall+ have +V3+ Obj. He will have eaten a mango. Sub+will/shall+have+been+ V3+ by + obj. A mango will have been eaten by him.
Changing the form of the verb. Continuous Tenses. Active Voice. Passive Voice. Present Continuous Tense. Sub+ is/am/are+V4+ Obj. He is eating a mango. Sub+ is/am/are + being+ V3+ by + obj. A mango is being eaten by him. Past Continuous Tense. Sub+ was/were+V4+ Obj. He was eating a mango. Sub+ was/were + being+ V3+ by + obj. A mango was being eaten by him.
Simple Present Tense: Whenever we see the root verb or root verb+ ‘s’ or ‘es’ the verb is said to be in simple present tense. While changing the simple present tense verb into passive voice we have to take ‘be’ forms present forms am/is/are after the subject then we should change the simple present tense verb into past participle form. Formula: Subject + is/am/are +past participle (v3) + by + obj. Active Voice. Passive Voice. We eat apples daily. Apples are eaten by us. Dr. Ramesh teaches us English. We are taught English by Dr. Ramesh. She wishes me good luck. I am wished good luck by her.
Negative sentences: While changing the present tense negative sentences of active voice into passive voice do not / does not should be replaced by is not / am not/ are not. Formula: Sub+ is /am/are +not+ past participle (v3)+ by+ object. Active voice. Passive Voice. I do not like sweets. Sweets are not liked by me. They do not know me. I am not known to them. She does not eat apples every day. Apples are not eaten by her everyday .
Question or Interrogative Sentences: While changing the present tense questions of active voice to passive voice do/does should be replaced by is/am/are. Formula: Is/am/are + v3 + by +obj+ wh questioning word + is/am/are+ sub+ v3 form +by +obj + Active Voice. Passive Voice. Who teaches you English By whom are you taught English Does she serve food Are we served food by her Why don’t you understand my point Why isn’t my point understood by you
Simple Past Tense: Whenever we see the past tense or the second form of the verb is said to be in simple past tense. While changing the simple past tense verb into passive voice we have to take ‘be’ forms past forms was /were after the subject. Then we should change the simple past tense verb into past participle form. Formula :: Sub.+ was/were+ past participle (v3) + by +obj. Active Voice. Passive Voice. Rekha wrote me a letter. I was written a letter by Rekha. He helped me. I was helped by him. I ate apples. Apples were eaten by me.
Negative sentences: While changing the past tense negative sentences of active voice into passive voice did not should be replaced by was not / were not. Formula: Sub+ was /were +not+ past participle (v3) + by + obj. Active Voice. Passive Voice. I didn’t like sweets. Sweets were not liked by me. He didn’t speak the truth. The truth was not spoken by him. They didn’t know me. I wasn’t known to them.
Question or Interrogative Sentences: While changing the past tense questions of active voice to passive voice did should be replaced by was/were. Formula: was/were + v3 + by +obj+ wh questioning word + was/were+ sub+ v3 form +by +obj + Active Voice. Passive Voice. Who taught you English By whom were you taught English Did she serve food Was food served by her Who broke the glass By whom was the glass broken
Simple Future Tense: Whenever we see will/shall/ any modal auxiliary + root verb is said to be in simple future tense. While changing the simple future tense verb into passive voice we have to take ‘be’ forms future forms /Vo form ‘be’ after the subject. Then we should change the root verb into past participle form. Formula: Sub +will/shall + any modal auxiliary + be+ past participle (v3) + by + obj. Active Voice. Passive Voice. She will write me a letter. I will be written a letter by her. We would eat apples. Apples would be eaten by us. She may admire him. He may be admired by her.
Negative sentences: While changing the future tense negative sentences of active voice into passive voice will not/shall not/ any modal auxiliary will be repeated again in passive voice sentence and be + past participle should be taken +by +object. Formula: Sub+ will / shall/ any modal auxiliary+ not +be +past participle (v3) +by +obj. Active Voice. Passive Voice. I will not like sweets. Sweets will not be liked by me. He can not speak truth. The truth can not be spoken by him. She will not eat apples. Apples will not be eaten by her.
Question or Interrogative Sentences: While changing the future tense questions of active voice to passive voice will/will not/shall /shall not any modal auxiliary will be repeated again in passive voice sentence and be + V3 should be used. Formula: will/will not/shall/shall not /any modal auxiliary + not +sub+ be+ v3+by+obj Wh questioning word +will/will not/shall/shall not /any modal auxiliary + not+sub+ be+ v3+by+obj Active Voice. Passive Voice. Who will teach English By whom will you be taught English Can he lift this box Can this box be lifted by him Will she serve food Will food be served by her
Present Perfect Tense: Whenever it is appeared have/has +V3 form of the verb the sentence is said to be in present perfect tense. While changing the present perfect tense verb into passive voice again it is to be used have/has only according to the subject then ‘been’ + v3 form to be added. Formula: Sub +have/has +been +past participle (v3 )+by +object. Active Voice. Passive Voice. She has written a novel. A novel has been written by her. He has prepared a design. A design has been prepared by him. They have played cricket. Cricket has been played by them.
Negative sentences: While changing the present perfect tense negative sentences of active voice into passive voice have not/has not should be repeated again in passive voice sentence according to subject then been + past participle (v3) of the verb form to be used. Formula: Sub+ have /has + not + been+ Past participle (v3) +by + object. Active Voice. Passive Voice. We have not understood this topic. This topic has not been understood by us. They have not known me. I have not been known to them. She has not written a letter. A letter has not been written by her.
Question or Interrogative Sentences: While changing the present perfect tense questions of active voice to passive voice have/has should be placed before the subject then been + past participle (v3) form to be used. Formula: have/ has + sub + been + past participle (v3) + by +obj + wh questioning word +have/ has + sub + been + past participle (v3) + by +obj + Active Voice. Passive Voice. Who has written this novel By whom has been this novel written Has she given you party Have you been given party by her Why have you not understood my point Why has my point not been understood by you
Past Perfect Tense: Whenever it is appeared had +V3 form of the verb the sentence is said to be in past perfect tense. While changing the past perfect tense verb into passive voice again it is to be used had with all subjects then ‘been’ + v3 form to be added. Formula: Sub +had + been +past participle (v3 )+by +object. Active Voice. Passive Voice. She had written a novel. A novel had been written by her. He had prepared a design. A design had been prepared by him. They had played cricket. Cricket had been played by them.
Negative sentences: While changing the present perfect tense negative sentences of active voice into passive voice had not should be repeated again in passive voice sentence then been + past participle (v3) of the verb form to be used. Formula: Sub+ had + not + been+ Past participle (v3) +by + object. Active Voice. Passive Voice. We had not understood this topic. This topic had not been understood by us. They had not known me. I had not been known to them. She had not written a letter. A letter had not been written by her.
Question or Interrogative Sentences: While changing the past perfect tense questions of active voice to passive voice had should be placed before the subject then been + past participle (v3) form to be used. Formula: had+ sub + been + past participle (v3) + by +obj + wh questioning word +had + sub + been + past participle (v3) + by +obj + Active Voice. Passive Voice. Who had written this novel By whom had been this novel written Had she given you party Had you been given party by her Why had you not understood my point Why had my point not been understood by you
Future Perfect Tense: Whenever it is appeared will/shall+ have +V3 form of the verb the sentence is said to be in future perfect tense verb into passive voice again it is to be used will/shall +have + ‘been’ + v3 form to be added. Formula: Sub +will/shall +have + been +past participle (v3 )+by +object. Active Voice. Passive Voice. She will have written a novel. A novel will have been written by her. We shall have prepared a design. A design will have been prepared by us. They will have played cricket. Cricket will have been played by them.
Negative sentences: While changing the future perfect tense negative sentences of active voice into passive voice will/shall + not+ have should be repeated again in passive voice sentence then been + past participle (v3) of the verb form to be used. Formula: Sub+ will/shall + have +not + been+ Past participle (v3) +by + object. Active Voice. Passive Voice. We shall have not understood this topic. This topic will not have been understood by us. They will have not known me. I shall not have been known to them. She will have not written a letter. A letter will not have been written by her.
Question or Interrogative Sentences: While changing the future perfect tense questions of active voice to passive voice will/shall should be placed before the subject then have + been + past participle (v3) form to be used. Formula: Will/shall +have + sub + been + past participle (v3) + by +obj + wh questioning word +will/shall +have + sub + been + (v3) + by +obj + Active Voice. Passive Voice. Who will have written this novel By whom will have been this novel written Will she have given you party Will you have been given party by her Why will you not have understood my point Why will my point have not been understood by you
Present Continuous Tense: Whenever it is appeared the subject + is /am/are+ present participle (V4) form of the verb the sentence is said to be in present continuous tense verb into passive voice it is to be added is/am/are + being + v3 form to be added. Formula: Sub +is/am/are + being +past participle (v3 )+by +object. Active Voice. Passive Voice. She is writing a novel. A novel is being written by her. We are preparing a design. A design is being prepared by us. They are playing cricket. Cricket is being played by them.
Negative sentences: While changing the Present continuous tense negative sentences of active voice into passive voice is/am/are +not +being + past participle (v3) of the verb form to be used. Formula: Sub+ is/am/are + not + being+ Past participle (v3) +by + object. Active Voice. Passive Voice. We are not understanding this topic. This topic is not being understood by us. They are not making kites. Kites are not being made by them. She is not writing a letter. A letter is not being written by her.
Question or Interrogative Sentences: While changing the present continuous tense questions of active voice to passive voice is/am/are +being+ past participle (v3) form to be used. Formula: Is/am/are+ sub + being+ past participle (v3) + by +obj + wh questioning word +is/am/are+ sub + being+ (v3) + by +obj + Active Voice. Passive Voice. Who is teaching you English By whom are you being taught English Is she giving you party Are you being given party by her Why are you not being understood my point Why is my point not being understood by you
Past Continuous Tense: Whenever it is appeared the subject + was/were+ present participle (V4) form of the verb the sentence is said to be in past continuous tense. While changing the past continuous tense into passive voice it is to be added was/were + being + v3 form to be added. Formula: Sub +was/ were+ being +past participle (v3 )+by +object. Active Voice. Passive Voice. She was writing a novel. A novel was being written by her. We were preparing a design. A design was being prepared by us. They were playing cricket. Cricket was being played by them.
Negative sentences: While changing the Past continuous tense negative sentences of active voice into passive voice was/were +not +being + past participle (v3) of the verb form to be used. Formula: Sub+ was/were + not + being+ Past participle (v3) +by + object. Active Voice. Passive Voice. We were not understanding this topic. This topic was not being understood by us. They were not making kites. Kites were not being made by them. She was not writing a letter. A letter was not being written by her.
Question or Interrogative Sentences: While changing the past continuous tense questions of active voice to passive voice was/were +being+ past participle (v3) form to be used. Formula: Was/were+ sub + being+ past participle (v3) + by +obj + wh questioning word +was/were + sub + being+ (v3) + by +obj + Who is teaching you English By whom are you being taught English Who was teaching you English By whom were you being taught English Was she giving you party Were you being given party by her Why were you not being understood my point Why was my point not being understood by you
Imperative Sentences: Formula: Let+ subject + be + past participle (v3) Active Voice. Passive Voice. Open the window. Let the window be opened. Please help the poor man. Let the poor man be helped please. Let him finish the work. Let the work be finished by him. Don’t consult doctor. Let doctor not to be consulted. Do it now. Let it be done now. Type this letter. Let this letter be typed. Don’t disturb me. Let me not to be disturbed.